An injin lantarkiwata na’ura ce da ke mayar da makamashin lantarki zuwa makamashin injina, kuma tun lokacin da Faraday ya kirkiro injin lantarki na farko, mun sami damar rayuwa ba tare da wannan na’urar a ko’ina ba.
A halin yanzu, motoci suna yin saurin sauye-sauye daga na'urori masu yawa zuwa na'urori masu amfani da wutar lantarki, kuma amfani da motoci a cikin motoci yana kara yaduwa. Mutane da yawa ba za su iya yin hasashen adadin injin ɗin da aka saka a cikin motarsu ba, kuma gabatarwar da ke gaba za ta taimake ka ka gano injin ɗin da ke cikin motarka.
Aikace-aikacen motoci a cikin motoci
Don gano inda motar ke cikin motar ku, kujerar wutar lantarki shine wurin da ya dace don nemo shi. A cikin motocin tattalin arziki, injina yawanci suna ba da daidaitawa gaba da baya da karkatar da baya. A cikin manyan motoci,injinan lantarkina iya sarrafa daidaita tsayi, misali, wurin zama kintsin kushin, goyan bayan lumbar, daidaita matsugunin kai da tsayayyen matashi, a tsakanin sauran fasalulluka waɗanda za a iya amfani da su ba tare da injinan lantarki ba. Sauran sifofin kujerun da ke amfani da injinan lantarki sun haɗa da naɗewar kujerun wutar lantarki da kuma loda wutar lantarki na kujerun baya.
Shafaffen allon iska sune mafi yawan misali nainjin lantarkiaikace-aikace a cikin motoci na zamani. Yawanci, kowace mota tana da aƙalla injin goge goge guda ɗaya don gogewar gaba. Rear taga wipers suna ƙara shahara tare da SUVs da motoci tare da sito-kofa baya, wanda ke nufin cewa raya wipers da kuma daidai Motors ne ba a cikin mafi yawan motoci. Wani motar kuma yana fitar da ruwan wanki zuwa ga gilashin iska, kuma a wasu motoci zuwa fitilolin mota, wanda ƙila yana da ɗan goge goge nasu.
Kusan kowace mota tana da abin hurawa da ke kewaya iska ta hanyar dumama da sanyaya; motoci da yawa suna da magoya baya biyu ko fiye a cikin gidan. Motoci masu tsayi kuma suna da magoya baya a cikin kujeru don samun iskar matashin kai da rarraba zafi.
A da, ana yawan buɗe taga ana rufe su da hannu, amma yanzu tagogin wutar lantarki ya zama ruwan dare. Ana ajiye motoci masu ɓoye a kowace taga, gami da rufin rana da tagogin baya. Masu kunnawa da aka yi amfani da su don waɗannan tagogin na iya zama mai sauƙi kamar relays, amma buƙatun aminci (kamar gano cikas ko matsawa abubuwa) suna haifar da amfani da na'urori masu wayo tare da sa ido kan motsi da iyakancewar ƙarfi.
Canza daga manual zuwa lantarki, makullin mota suna zama mafi dacewa. Fa'idodin sarrafa abin hawa sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka dace kamar aiki mai nisa, da ingantaccen aminci da hankali kamar buɗewa ta atomatik bayan wani karo. Ba kamar tagogin wutar lantarki ba, makullin ƙofofin wutar dole ne su riƙe zaɓi na aikin hannu, don haka wannan yana shafar ƙirar motar da tsarin kulle ƙofar wutar lantarki.
Masu nuni akan dashboards ko gungu ƙila sun rikide zuwa diodes masu fitar da haske (LEDs) ko wasu nau'ikan nuni, amma yanzu kowane bugun kira da ma'auni yana amfani da ƙananan injinan lantarki. Sauran injina a cikin nau'in samar da dacewa sun haɗa da fasalulluka gama gari kamar nadawa madubin gefe da daidaita matsayi, da ƙarin aikace-aikace masu ban sha'awa kamar saman masu iya canzawa, fedal mai ja da baya, da rarrabuwar gilashi tsakanin direba da fasinja.
A karkashin bonnet, injinan lantarki sun zama ruwan dare a wasu wurare da dama. A lokuta da yawa, injinan lantarki suna maye gurbin kayan aikin injin bel. Misalai sun haɗa da fanfunan ruwa, famfunan mai, famfunan ruwa da kwampressors. Akwai fa'idodi da yawa don canza waɗannan ayyuka daga bel ɗin tuƙi zuwa tuƙi na lantarki. Na daya shi ne cewa amfani da injinan tuki a cikin kayan lantarki na zamani ya fi amfani da bel da jakunkuna, yana haifar da fa'idodi kamar ingantaccen ingancin mai, rage nauyi da rage fitar da hayaki. Wata fa'ida ita ce amfani da injinan lantarki maimakon belts yana ba da ƙarin 'yanci a cikin ƙirar injina, saboda wuraren hawa na famfo da fanfo ba dole ba ne a takura su da bel ɗin maciji wanda dole ne a haɗa shi da kowane fanni.
Abubuwan da ke faruwa a fasahar mota a cikin abin hawa
Motoci masu amfani da wutar lantarki ba su da makawa a wuraren da aka yi alama a cikin hoton da ke sama, sannan, bayan haka, yayin da motar ta zama na'urar lantarki da kuma ci gaban tuƙi da hankali, za a ƙara amfani da injinan lantarki a cikin motar, kuma nau'in injin ɗin na tuƙi yana canzawa.
Yayin da a baya yawancin injina a cikin motoci suna amfani da daidaitattun tsarin kera motoci na 12V, tsarin wutar lantarki biyu na 12V da 48V yanzu sun zama na yau da kullun, tare da tsarin wutar lantarki mai ba da damar cire wasu manyan lodin yanzu daga baturin 12V. Fa'idar yin amfani da wadatar 48V shine rage sau huɗu a halin yanzu don ƙarfin iri ɗaya, da rage rakiyar nauyin igiyoyi da iska. Aikace-aikace tare da manyan lodi na yau da kullun waɗanda za'a iya sabunta su zuwa ƙarfin 48V sun haɗa da injin farawa, turbochargers, famfo mai, famfunan ruwa da masu sanyaya. Sanya tsarin lantarki na 48V don waɗannan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa na iya adana kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari na yawan man fetur.
Fahimtar Nau'in Motoci
Aikace-aikace daban-daban na buƙatar injina daban-daban, kuma ana iya rarraba injin ɗin ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
1. Rarraba bisa tushen wutar lantarki mai aiki - Dangane da tushen wutar lantarki na injin, ana iya rarraba shi cikin injinan DC da injin AC. Daga cikin su, motocin AC suma sun kasu kashi-kashi-motoci guda-daya da injina mai hawa uku.
2. Bisa ga ka'idar aiki - bisa ga tsarin daban-daban da ka'idodin aiki, ana iya raba motar zuwa motar DC, motar asynchronous da motar synchronous. Hakanan za'a iya raba injunan aiki tare zuwa na'urori masu aiki tare da maganadisu na dindindin, injunan aiki tare da ƙin yarda da injunan motsa jiki. Ana iya raba Motar Asynchronous zuwa Motar shigar da Motar da AC commutator motor.
3. Rarraba bisa ga yanayin farawa da gudana - motor bisa ga yanayin farawa da gudu za'a iya raba shi zuwa motar asynchronous mai kunnawa guda ɗaya mai ɗaukar nauyi, mai ɗaukar nauyi mai ɗaukar nauyi mai ƙarfi.
4. Rarraba bisa ga amfani - Za a iya raba motocin lantarki zuwa motocin motsa jiki da masu sarrafa motoci bisa ga amfani. Motar tuƙi ya kasu kashi zuwa kayan aikin wuta (ciki har da hakowa, gogewa, niƙa, slotting, yankan, reaming da sauran kayan aikin) tare da injinan lantarki, kayan aikin gida (ciki har da injin wanki, magoya bayan lantarki, firiji, kwandishan, masu rikodin tef, VCRs, masu rikodin bidiyo, playersan wasan DVD, hoovers, kyamarori, masu bushewar gashi, injin aski na lantarki, da dai sauransu) tare da injin injin lantarki da sauran kayan aikin lantarki. iri-iri na ƙananan kayan aikin inji, ƙananan injuna, kayan aikin likita, kayan lantarki, da dai sauransu). Motocin sarrafawa sun kasu kashi-kashi masu motsi na stepper da servo Motors.
5. Rarraba bisa ga tsarin na'ura mai juyi - motor bisa ga tsarin na'ura za a iya raba zuwa keji induction mota (tsohon misali ake kira squirrel cage asynchronous motor) da waya-rauni rotor induction motor (tsohon misali ana kiran waya-rauni asynchronous motor).
6. Rarraba bisa ga saurin aiki - mota bisa ga saurin aiki za a iya raba shi zuwa manyan motoci masu sauri, ƙananan ƙananan motoci, masu saurin sauri, motoci masu sauri.
A halin yanzu, yawancin injina a aikace-aikacen jikin mota suna amfani da injunan DC da aka goge, wanda shine maganin gargajiya. Waɗannan injinan suna da sauƙin tuƙi kuma ba su da tsada saboda aikin motsa jiki da goge ke bayarwa. A wasu aikace-aikacen, injin ɗin DC (BLDC) maras goge yana ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci dangane da ƙarfin ƙarfin, wanda ke rage nauyi kuma yana samar da ingantaccen tattalin arzikin mai da ƙarancin hayaƙi, kuma masana'antun suna zaɓar yin amfani da injin BLDC a cikin goge gilashin gilashi, dumama gida, iska da kwandishan (HVAC) masu hurawa da famfo. A cikin waɗannan aikace-aikacen, injina suna yin aiki na dogon lokaci maimakon aiki na wucin gadi kamar tagogin wutar lantarki ko kujerun wuta, inda sauƙi da inganci na injinan goga ke ci gaba da yin fa'ida.
Motocin lantarki masu dacewa da motocin lantarki
Juya daga ababen hawa masu amfani da man fetur zuwa motocin lantarki zalla za su ga canji zuwa injuna masu motsi a tsakiyar motar.
Na’urar tukin mota ita ce zuciyar motar lantarki, wacce ta kunshi injina, na’urar canza wuta, na’urorin gano abubuwa daban-daban da kuma wutar lantarki. Motocin da suka dace don motocin lantarki sun haɗa da: Motocin DC, Motocin DC marasa goga, injinan asynchronous, injina na ɗorewa na maganadisu, da injunan rashin so.
Motar DC Mota ce da ke canza wutar lantarki ta DC zuwa makamashin injina, kuma ana amfani da ita sosai wajen jan wutar lantarki saboda kyakkyawan tsarin sarrafa saurin sa. Har ila yau, yana da halaye na manyan juzu'i na farawa da sarrafawa mai sauƙi, saboda haka, duk wani injin da ke farawa a ƙarƙashin nauyi mai nauyi ko yana buƙatar ƙa'idodin saurin daidaituwa, kamar manyan injinan jujjuyawar jujjuyawar, winches, locomotives na lantarki, trams da sauransu, ya dace da amfani da injin DC.
Brushless DC motor yana da matukar dacewa tare da halayen nauyin abubuwan hawa na lantarki, tare da ƙananan halayen haɓaka mai girma, na iya samar da babban karfin farawa don saduwa da buƙatun hanzari na motocin lantarki, a lokaci guda, yana iya gudu a cikin ƙananan ƙananan, matsakaici da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin sauri, yana da halaye masu dacewa, a cikin yanayin da aka ɗora haske, yana da babban inganci. Lalacewar ita ce injin ɗin da kansa ya fi na AC kuma mai sarrafawa ya fi rikitarwa fiye da goga na DC.
Asynchronous motor, watau induction motor, wata na'ura ce da ake sanya rotor a cikin filin maganadisu mai jujjuyawa, kuma a karkashin aikin filin maganadisu, ana samun jujjuyawar jujjuyawa, ta haka ne rotor ke juyawa. Tsarin motar Asynchronous abu ne mai sauƙi, mai sauƙin ƙirƙira da kulawa, yana da kusancin halayen ɗaukar nauyi na akai-akai, yana iya biyan buƙatun yawancin injin samar da masana'antu da aikin gona. Koyaya, saurin injin asynchronous da jujjuyawar filin maganadisu na aiki tare yana da ƙayyadaddun adadin juyi, don haka tsarin saurin yana da rauni, ba kamar tattalin arziƙi kamar injin DC ba, sassauƙa. Bugu da kari, a cikin babban iko, aikace-aikacen ƙananan sauri, injinan asynchronous ba su da ma'ana kamar injinan aiki tare.
Permanent magnet synchronous motor is a synchronous motor that generates synchronous juyi magnetic field by the excitation of the dindindin maganadiso, wanda aiki a matsayin rotor don samar da wani juyi maganadisu filin, da uku-lokaci stator windings amsa ta cikin armature a karkashin aikin na Magnetic filin na jujjuya, jawo uku-phase symmetrical currents. Motar maganadisu na dindindin yana da ƙananan girman, haske a cikin nauyi, tare da ƙananan jujjuyawar inertia da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi, wanda ya dace da motocin lantarki tare da iyakacin sarari. Bugu da ƙari, yana da babban juzu'i-zuwa-inertia rabo, ƙarfin juyi mai ƙarfi, da kuma babban ƙarfin fitarwa musamman a ƙananan saurin juyawa, wanda ya dace da haɓakawar haɓakar abin hawa na kwamfuta. Saboda haka, injinan maganadisu na dindindin gabaɗaya an gane su ta wurin zaman motocin lantarki na cikin gida da na waje kuma an yi amfani da su a yawancin motocin lantarki. Misali, yawancin motocin da ake amfani da su na lantarki a kasar Japan ana amfani da su ne ta injinan maganadisu na dindindin, wadanda ake amfani da su a cikin matasan Toyota Prius.
Lokacin aikawa: Janairu-31-2024